Facts and Information on Greek Goddess Athene Free Essays

Free Essays on Hemingway

Hemingway’s Hills â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† by Earnest Hemingway is a short tale about the American and Jig’s absence of good correspondence. One would not comprehend the genuine importance of this story without looking at the imagery utilized by the creator. The story starts with a portrayal of the setting. There were long slopes, a train station, a bar, and a beaded blind. Now in the story, I felt that Hemingway was simply attempting to begin another story of his. Much to my dismay he was demonstrating me, the peruser, how significant the setting is by discussing it first. I discovered that I needed to look at each physical piece of the landscape to comprehend the story. From the earliest starting point of â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† as far as possible, Hemingway utilizes the different parts of the setting as images to uncover things about the American, the Jig, and them as a team. While sitting tight for their train, the man and lady sat outside the bar that was close to the train station. They breathed easy by drinking, and the lady was watching the view simultaneously. Dance notices to her beau â€Å"they [the hills] look like white elephants† (758). A trinket is something that is pointless. Dance is pregnant. The American beau doesn't need her to have the child. If she somehow happened to have the infant, it would change his way of life. Along these lines, the child would be a trinket to the man. This is the point at which I discovered that there is imagery in the setting. For this situation, it was in the scene of the field of Spain. This is the most clear case in the story, and it foretells that there is something else entirely to come. The bar in Spain that the American and Jig are sitting at is likewise representative. Hemingway makes reference to in the principal section â€Å"the American and the young lady with him sat at a table in the shade, close to a table outside the structure [the bar]† (757). He deliberately doesn't demonstrate what nation the young lady is from. To explain, Hemingway is indicating the ... Free Essays on Hemingway Free Essays on Hemingway Hemingway’s Hills â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† by Earnest Hemingway is a short tale about the American and Jig’s absence of good correspondence. One would not comprehend the genuine significance of this story without inspecting the imagery utilized by the creator. The story starts with a portrayal of the setting. There were long slopes, a train station, a bar, and a beaded blind. Now in the story, I felt that Hemingway was simply attempting to begin another story of his. Much to my dismay he was demonstrating me, the peruser, how significant the setting is by discussing it first. I discovered that I needed to analyze each physical piece of the landscape to comprehend the story. From the earliest starting point of â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† as far as possible, Hemingway utilizes the different parts of the setting as images to uncover things about the American, the Jig, and them as a team. While sitting tight for their train, the man and lady sat outside the bar that was close to the train station. They took a break by drinking, and the lady was watching the view simultaneously. Dance notices to her beau â€Å"they [the hills] look like white elephants† (758). A trinket is something that is futile. Dance is pregnant. The American sweetheart doesn't need her to have the infant. If she somehow happened to have the child, it would change his way of life. In this manner, the child would be a trinket to the man. This is the point at which I discovered that there is imagery in the setting. For this situation, it was in the scene of the wide open of Spain. This is the most evident case in the story, and it portends that there is something else entirely to come. The bar in Spain that the American and Jig are sitting at is additionally representative. Hemingway specifies in the primary section â€Å"the American and the young lady with him sat at a table in the shade, close to a table outside the structure [the bar]† (757). He deliberately doesn't demonstrate what nation the young lady is from. To explain, Hemingway is demonstrating the ... Free Essays on Hemingway Since the beginning there have been topples on governments so as to bring another administration into power. In â€Å"Chapter V† of Hemingway’s In Our Time, Hemingway suggests that old governments are frequently supplanted and another system climbs to control. Since the beginning old governments have been ousted by another framework which is fit to lead the individuals of now is the ideal time. In â€Å"Chapter V† Hemingway inconspicuously indicates that an old, kicking the bucket government is frequently ousted by another, composed, and regularly battle ready system. In â€Å"Chapter V†, Hemingway utilizes word usage with punctuation to make a desolate, genuine, and clear tone. The tone is significant in this passage since it shows how Hemingway is portraying this inauspicious scene. â€Å"There were wet dead leaves on the clearing of the courtyard†(Hemingway), If this depiction is connected to the imagery of the section it can hint what occurs toward the finish of the entry and where it occurs. Another component utilized in the language structure in the section is the word â€Å"they.† The utilization of the word â€Å"they† in the entry is utilized most when alluding to the fighters. â€Å"They† is an anonymous and innumerable pronoun which recommends that Hemingway needed to keep the character of the individuals who are mindful indistinct. He utilizes this while portraying the execution. â€Å"They shot the bureau priests at ...hospital†. This depiction shows how he keeps the personality of the officers hazy in the passage. Hemingway likewise utilizes the word â€Å"they† to show that the fighters are not people but rather part of a group and are accepting requests. Hemingway composes, â€Å"They attempted to hold him facing the wall.† and proceeds with later in the paragraphâ€Å"Finally the official told the soldiers....†. Hemingway utilizes this to outline that â€Å"they† are following requests structure an individual of a higher position. In this section is critical to show that the new system is more composed than the old government. Hemingway utilizes ...

How to Start an Essay Introduction

How to Start an Essay IntroductionThere are many ways on how to start an essay introduction. With the help of an English composition, the author can produce a powerful and impressive piece that will be able to speak about the topic of the essay. But to do so, the author has to know how to start an essay introduction.Here are some tips on how to start an essay introduction: First, the essay must start with an introduction. When the writer inserts the first sentence, it's called a thesis statement. A thesis statement is a statement that tells about what the writer thinks the author's research or learning have led him to believe. The writer should place the following sentence after the one he starts with. This serves as the thesis statement.Second, the writer should state the topic of the introduction in the introductory paragraph. He should tell the reader about the material he will be talking about. The reader should know what is going to be discussed in the introduction paragraph.Thi rd, the essay introduction should contain an argumentative paragraph. This paragraph gives the readers enough information about the topic to decide if they are interested or not. In order to create this argumentative paragraph, the writer can use direct statements, examples, facts, questions, and sometimes even anecdotes.Fourth, the conclusion paragraph should conclude the article. The writer should show how the conclusion paragraph connects to the rest of the article. To do this, the writer should include some ideas to consider in the conclusion paragraph and then the conclusion itself.Finally, the author should include the publication information in the author's name in the body of the article. Authors can include the name of the author in the article in two ways. One way is by putting an author's name at the end of the article; the other way is by including it in the introduction itself.After the author's name, the author should include his or her email address. He or she should include a telephone number and the name of the school he or she studied at. The article should be published by a professional journal or publication, so the author's full name is needed.These are a few of the tips on how to start an essay introduction. If the writer has time, he or she can put his or her resume in the article. This will allow the reader to get an idea of the writer's academic history and achievements.

Analysis Of The Book Tyrannosaurus Math - 1188 Words

The activity I have planned relates to a book called Tyrannosaurus Math. The book involves the dinosaurs counting various aspects of their surroundings. For instance the mother counts her baby’s toes and fingers, as well as how many children she has. Prior to reading the book, I will have children brainstorm a list of times throughout their day in which they utilizes counting. What I am trying to do, is get the children to realize that through their day, they are always using math. When they count their money for lunch, or count the minutes til recess, they are using math. After all students have completed this, I will begin to read the book. Each page of the book involves a new counting problem, as well as addition. To make the activity more difficult, I will cover up the addition problems, and have the children come up with that on their own. For instance on one page, a baby dinosaur marvels at his toes and fingers, and decides to count them. I will have the children count u p the toes and fingers one their own, and then talk with a partner to figure out what an addition equation would look like in order to model this counting. After the partners have discussed their ideas, we will talk about it as a class. As the book progresses, the math subject areas become more advanced. The book begins with addition problems, then moves on to multiplication, and even adds in some geometry at the end. Because of this, my activity will be geared more towards second graders. The

Teens, Sex, and Virginity - Teenage Pregnancy Essay

Teenage Pregnancy Teenage pregnancy has always been present in society. There is research stating that about half the women, born between 1900- 1910, who were interviewed were non-virginal at marriage (17 Ravoira). This contradicts some thoughts that premarital sexual behavior is something new. There was another study done in 1953, it found that one fifth of all first births to women were conceived before marriage (17 Ravoira). Even before our modern openness in discussing sexual behavior and acceptance that it does occur, it was quite routine. In earlier society, the incidence of teenage pregnancy was a moral problem. This was because people looked at the child as filius nullius (nobodys child), or illegitimate and the†¦show more content†¦With the onset of the sexual revolution in the 1960s and 70s there were some major changes. An important one being that people were more likely to verbally express what they had been doing sexually. This probably occurred because of the ability to control conception through contraception. There wasnt really an increase in then number of sexually experienced black teenagers but, the number of white teenagers went up. During the 1970s, the number of white teens who were sexually experienced doubled, and along with that birthrates of these teens increased by more than 50 percent. It was during this time that adolscent pregnancy changed from a moral issue to an economic or welfare issue (20 Ravoira). Over 1 million teenagers become pregnant in the United States every year. Only about half of them give birth. The fact that 11,500 of these births in 1989 were to girls 14 and under is scary (1 Freeman). These are not just teenagers but children having children. Surprisingly, though, the teenage birth rates are falling. In the early 1970s, 61.7 births per 1000 teenagers were registered but, in 1983, the rate was 51.7 per 1000 (10 McCuen). Even though the incidents of teenage births may be going down, it is still significant, there is always a worry about the how the American family with all of these too young parents, will function. During the 1960s, people began to see adolscent pregnancy as the cause forShow MoreRelatedTeen Pregnancy : Education Over Abstinence3277 Words   |  14 PagesRasmussen 3 October, 2014 Teen Pregnancy: Education over Abstinence Many parents dread the day they see their teenage children having children of their own. The teens are not to blame for having sex without protection. They should not have been made to take virginity pledges in their past, because they do not work. The boyfriend should not be arrested just because he happens to be a couple years older than his girlfriend. Instead of hypothesizing ill-formed theories that teens do not know how to makeRead MoreThe Controversial Issue Of Sex Education965 Words   |  4 Pagesissue of sex education started to become a more prevalent conversation among educators and parents alike when the Food and Drug Administration approved the sale of oral contraceptives(Szustek, 2009). Though the topic was previously being discussed as early as mid to late 19th century, it was not deemed completely necessary or an appropriate topic for school aged children prior to this point. In the United States more than 750,000 girls between the ages of 15-19 experience unex pected pregnancies annuallyRead MoreTeen Pregnancy Essay example1750 Words   |  7 Pageschild born to a teenage mother, and my mom is a part 2% of girls who had a child before the age of 19 and was able to get her college degree, before she turned 30. Girls in this present time don’t understand the risk that comes with childbearing at a young age. Focusing on how teenage girls become pregnant, ways to prevent early pregnancies, the effect that a teen pregnancy have on the people around them, and the downfalls of becoming pregnant, are the ways of teaching to our youth. Teens in this nationRead MoreHow do you remember your childhood, or your idealized world of being a child? In remembrance of1100 Words   |  5 PagesAlthough, we all have our views on the subject of teen pregnancy you really truly could never understand the hardships and mental pain an agony that goes on during teenage pregnancy such as, juggling the normal aspects of juvenescence life along with the critical and demanding manner of living the life of a teenage parent in the United States of America. The first initial moment of realization of pregnancy is the first crucial reality check that two teenage parents will go through, followed by, dependingRead MoreCauses Of Teen Pregnancy978 Words   |  4 PagesSome reasons of Teen pregnancy are absent parenting, lack of knowledge, substance abuse, living in poverty and peer pressure. The number of teens between the ages of 14-19 has substantially decreased over the last few years. While it may be declining, we still need to look at the causes. While examining the causes of teen pregnancy, we can find new methods of preventing teen pregnancy. If there are different methods identified for preventing teen pregnancy than the number of teens can go down moreRead MoreTeen Pregnancy Should Be Pregnant Before The Age Of Twenty1504 Words   |  7 Pageshighest teen birth rate in the world, every year the United States experiences 610,000 teen pregnancies (Bleakly 2006). The figures show that three in ten adolescent girls will become pregn ant before the age of twenty. People ages 15-24 represent 25 eighteen 70 percent of United States females, and 62 percent of males have had sex. About 3.2 million adolescent females are infected with the most common STI’s, such as chlamydia and gonorrhea (Bleakly 2006). The likelihood of teens having sex increasesRead MoreUnintended Pregnancy : An American Epidemic Essay1280 Words   |  6 PagesUnintended Pregnancy: An American Epidemic This year in America, over one million teens will become pregnant. More than 80% of these pregnancies will be unintended (North Carolina PRAMS 2009). Unintended pregnancy is commonly defined as â€Å"a pregnancy that is reported to have been either unwanted (that is, the pregnancy occurred when no children, or no more children, were desired) or mistimed (that is, the pregnancy occurred earlier than desired)† (CDC 2015). Though some teen pregnancies are intentionalRead MoreShould Sex Education Be Taught?1269 Words   |  6 Pages(Wagle). Sex education is often a hot topic of debate within the States, where high school teens often receive some form of sexual education. However, the quality of this information varies from state to state and even district to district. Although there are many different definitions, the one being applied here is that abstinence-based curriculum teaches that the only truly effective way to prevent sexually transmitted diseases, pregnancy, and other sex related risks is by not having sex. This includesRead MoreTeaching Teenagers About Safe Sex798 Words   |  4 PagesFor many years now, individuals in all states have been attempting to teach teenagers about safe sex. Administrators have designed special classes and foundations worldwide in order to help out with this subject. As said by K4Health, â€Å"The term ‘condom’ first appeared in print in 1717, in an English publication on syphilis, although its origin still remains uncertain† (Stryker). The reason why schools should be giving teenagers condoms is because most teenagers do not tell their parents that theyRead MoreYouth Problems826 Words   |  4 PagesYouth problems. Plan: 1) Adolescence: freedom or problem? 2) Addictions. 3) An active sex life and its consequences. 4) Teens-exploiters. 5) Juvenile delinquency. 6) Youth subcultures. 7) The period of risks. It is said that adolescence is the most exciting and striking period of life. It seems that teens have no problems, as they don’t work, take care of their families or have any other responsibilities. On the one hand, it is true. Besides, having become a legal

Separation of powers free essay sample

1) The separation of powers, often imprecisely used interchangeably with the trias politica principle,[1] is a model for the governance of a state (or who controls the state). The model was first developed in Ancient Greece and Rome. Under this model, the state is divided into branches, each with separate and independent powers and areas of responsibility so that the powers of one branch are not in conflict with the powers associated with the other branches. The normal division of branches is into a legislature, an executive, and a judiciary. History Antiquity Aristotle first mentioned the idea of a mixed government or hybrid government in his work Politics where he drew upon many of the constitutional forms in the city-states of Ancient Greece. In the Roman Republic, the Roman Senate, Consuls and the Assemblies showed an example of a Mixed government according to Polybius (Histories, Book 6, 11-13). Montesquieus tripartite system Montesquieu The term tripartite system is ascribed to French Enlightenment political philosopher Baron de Montesquieu. [2][3] Montesquieu described the separation of political power among a legislature, an executive, and a judiciary. Montesquieus approach was to present and defend a form of government which was not excessively centralized in all its powers to a single monarch or similar ruler. He based this model on the Constitution of the Roman Republic and the British constitutional system. Montesquieu took the view that the Roman Republic had powers separated so that no one could usurp complete power. [4][5][6] In the British constitutional system, Montesquieu discerned a separation of powers among the monarch, Parliament, and the courts of law. Montesquieu did actually specify that the independence of the judiciary has to be real, and not apparent merely. The judiciary was generally seen as the most important of powers, independent and unchecked, and also was considered dangerous. [7] Bipartite systems In the sixteenth century, John Calvin favoured a system of government that divided political power between democracy and aristocracy (mixed government). Calvin appreciated the advantages of democracy: It is an invaluable gift if God allows a people to elect its own government and magistrates. [8] In order to further reduce the danger of misuse of political power, he suggested setting up several political institutions which should complement and control each other in a system of checks and balances. In this way, Calvin and his followers resisted political absolutism and furthered the growth of democracy. Calvins aim was to protect the rights and the well-being of ordinary people. [9] In 1620, a group of English separatist Congregationalists and Anglicans, who later became known as Pilgrim Fathers, founded Plymouth Colony in North America. Enjoying self-rule, they established a bipartite democratic system of government. The freemen elected the General Court, which functioned as legislative and judiciary and which in turn elected a governor, who together with his seven assistants served in the functional role of providing executive power. [10] Massachusetts Bay Colony (founded 1628), Rhode Island (1636), Connecticut (1636), New Jersey, and Pennsylvania had similar constitutions. They all separated political powers. Except for Plymouth Colony and Massachusetts Bay Colony, these English outposts added religious freedom to their democratic systems, an important step towards the development of human rights. [11][12] Books like William Bradfords History of Plymoth Plantation were widely read in England. So the form of government in the colonies was well known in the mother country, also to philosopher John Locke. He deduced from a study of the English constitutional system that political power was to be divided into the legislative, which should be distributed among several bodies, for example, the House of Lords and the House of Commons, on the one hand, and the executive and federative, responsible for the protection of the country and prerogative of the monarch, on the other hand. England had no written constitution. [13] Checks and balances To prevent one branch from becoming supreme, protect the opulent minority from the majority, and to induce the branches to cooperate, government systems that employ a separation of powers need a way to balance each of the branches. Typically this was accomplished through a system of checks and balances, the origin of which, like separation of powers itself, is specifically credited to Montesquieu. Checks and balances allow for a system-based regulation that allows one branch to limit another, such as the power of Congress to alter the composition and jurisdiction of the federal courts. Both bipartite and tripartite governmental systems apply the principles of the separation of powers to allow for the branches represented by the separate powers to hold each other reciprocally responsible to the assertion of powers as apportioned by law. The following example of the separation of powers and their mutual checks and balances for the experience of the United States Constitution is presented as illustrative of the general principles applied in similar forms of government as well. Legislative (Congress)Executive (President)Judicial (Supreme Court) Passes bills; has broad taxing and spending power; regulates inter-state commerce; controls the federal budget; has power to borrow money on the credit of the United States (may be vetoed by President, but vetoes may be overridden with a two-thirds vote of both houses) Has sole power to declare war, as well as to raise, support, and regulate the military. Oversees, investigates, and makes the rules for the government and its officers. Defines by law the jurisdiction of the federal judiciary in cases not specified by the Constitution Ratification of treaties signed by the President and gives advice and consent to presidential appointments to the federal judiciary, federal executive departments, and other posts (Senate only) Has sole power of impeachment (House of Representatives) and trial of impeachments (Senate); can remove federal executive and judicial officers from office for high crimes and misdemeanors Is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces Executes the instructions of Congress. May veto bills passed by Congress (but the veto may be overridden by a two-thirds majority of both houses) Executes the spending authorized by Congress. Declares states of emergency and publishes regulations and executive orders. Makes executive agreements (does not require ratification) and signs treaties (ratification requiring approval by two-thirds of the Senate) Makes appointments to the federal judiciary, federal executive departments, and other posts with the advice and consent of the Senate. Has power to make temporary appointment during the recess of the Senate Has the power to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. Determines which laws Congress intended to apply to any given case Exercises judicial review, reviewing the constitutionality of laws Determines how Congress meant the law to apply to disputes Determines how a law acts to determine the disposition of prisoners Determines how a law acts to compel testimony and the production of evidence Determines how laws should be interpreted to assure uniform policies in a top-down fashion via the appeals process, but gives discretion in individual cases to low-level judges. The amount of discretion depends upon the standard of review, determined by the type of case in question. Comparison between tripartite and bipartite national systems Constitutions with a high degree of separation of powers are found worldwide. The UK system is distinguished by a particular entwining of powers. In Italy the powers are completely separated, even if Council of Ministers need the vote of confidence from both chambers of Parliament, thats however formed by a wide number of members (almost 1,000). A number of Latin American countries have electoral branches of government. Countries with little separation of power include New Zealand and Canada. Canada makes limited use of separation of powers in practice, although in theory it distinguishes between branches of government. New Zealands constitution is based on the principle of separation of powers through a series of constitutional safeguards, many of which are tacit. The Executives ability to carry out decisions often depends on the Legislature, which is elected under the Mixed Member Proportional system. This means the government is rarely a single party but a coalition of parties. The Judiciary is also free of government interference. If a series of judicial decisions result in an interpretation of the law which the Executive considers does not reflect the intention of the policy, the Executive can initiate changes to the legislation in question through the Legislature. The Executive cannot direct or request a judicial officer to revise or reconsider a decision; decisions are final. Should there be a dispute between the Executive and Judiciary, the Executive has no authority to direct the Judiciary, or its individual members and vice versa. Complete separation of powers systems are almost always presidential, although theoretically this need not be the case. There are a few historical exceptions, such as the Directoire system of revolutionary France. Switzerland offers an example of non-Presidential separation of powers today: It is run by a seven-member executive branch, the Federal Council. However, some might argue that Switzerland does not have a strong separation of powers system, as the Federal Council is appointed by parliament (but not dependent on parliament) and although the judiciary has no power of review, the judiciary is still separate from the other branches. Typical branches executive legislative judicial auditory electoral in which election commissions, tribunals or courts are maintained separately from other branches prosecutory Three branches Australia Main article: Separation of powers in Australia Australia does not maintain a strict separation between the legislative and executive branches of government—indeed, government ministers are required to be members of parliament—but the federal judiciary strictly guards its independence from the other two branches. However, under influence from the American constitution, the Australian constitution does define the three branches of government separately, and this has been interpreted by the judiciary to induce an implicit separation of powers. State governments have a similar level of separation of power, but this is generally on the basis of convention, rather than constitution. Austria The Constitution of Austria was originally written by Hans Kelsen, the prominent constitutional scholar in Europe at that time. Kelsen was to serve as a part of the judicial court of review for Austria as part of its tripartite government. Hans Kelsen was the principal author of the tripartite Constitution of Austria and the Constitution of Czechoslovakia. Czechoslovakia The Constitution for Czechoslovakia was written by Hans Kelsen at about the same time as he wrote the Constitution for the government of Austria in 1920. The Constitution was written as a tripartite government with judicial review. This principle model used for this Constitution is that of the model of the United States Constitution. France Main article: Government of France According to the Constitution of the Fifth Republic, the government of France[14] is divided up into three branches: Executive. This includes the popularly elected president as well as the prime minister and cabinet. The French Prime minister is nominated by the president, but the government is responsible to the lower house of the legislature, the National Assembly. Legislature. A bicameral legislature that includes the Senate (upper house) and the National Assembly (lower house). The relationship between the two houses is asymmetric, meaning that in case of dispute, the National Assembly has the final word according to Article 45[15] of the Constitution. Judiciary. This includes the judicial and administrative orders. It also includes a constitutional court. Hong Kong Hong Kong is a self-governing Chinese territory pursuant to the Sino-British Joint Declaration, an international treaty registered with the United Nations. Currently, Hong Kong has three branches of government as codified in theBasic Law, which preserves the political setup of the British colonial era under the doctrine of one country, two systems: Government executive Legislative Council legislature Judiciary (Court of Final Appeal and other courts and tribunals) judiciary The Chief Executive, elected by a 1200-member Election Committee, is both head of the region and head of government, and chairs the Executive Council which is composed of unofficial members and government secretaries. The law courts exercise the power of judicial review of constitutionality of legislation and administrative actions, and emphasize the separation of powers in their rulings. The Chief Justice also stated this position in the ceremonial opening of the 2010 legal year. [16] However, politically separation of powers is usually argued against, with the leaders of the Peoples Republic of China and supportive politicians publicly requesting for the three branches to cooperate and emphasizing an executive-led system. [17] India Main articles: Constitution of India and Government of India Parliament Legislative Prime Minister, Cabinet, Government Departments Civil Service Executive Supreme Court Judicial India follows a parliamentary system of government, which offers a clear separation of powers. The judiciary branch is fairly independent of the other two branches. Executive powers are vested with the President and Prime Minister, who are assisted by the Cabinet Secretary and other Secretaries. All three branches have checks and balances over each other to maintain the balance. [18] United Kingdom Main article: Separation of powers in the United Kingdom Parliament legislature Prime Minister, Cabinet, Government Departments Civil Service executive Courts judiciary The development of the British constitution, which is not a codified document, is based on this fusion in the person of the Monarch, who has a formal role to play in the legislature (Parliament, which is where legal and political sovereignty lies, is the Crown-in-Parliament, and is summoned and dissolved by the Sovereign who must give his or her Royal Assent to all Bills so that they become Acts), the executive (the Sovereign appoints all ministers of His/Her Majestys Government, who govern in the name of the Crown) and the judiciary (the Sovereign, as the fount of justice, appoints all senior judges, and all public prosecutions are brought in his or her name). Although the doctrine of separation of power plays a role in the United Kingdoms constitutional doctrine, the UK constitution is often described as having a weak separation of powers A. V. Dicey, despite its constitution being the one to which Montesquieu originally referred. For example, in the United Kingdom, the executive f orms a subset of the legislature, as did—to a lesser extent—the judiciary until the establishment of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. The Prime Minister, the Chief Executive, sits as a member of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, either as a peer in the House of Lords or as an elected member of the House of Commons (by convention, and as a result of the supremacy of the Lower House, the Prime Minister now sits in the House of Commons) and can effectively be removed from office by a simple majority vote. Furthermore, while the courts in the United Kingdom are undoubtedly amongst the most independent in the world, the Law Lords, who were the final arbiters of judicial disputes in the UK sat simultaneously in the House of Lords, the upper house of the legislature, although this arrangement ceased in 2009 when the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom came into existence. Furthermore, because of the existence of Parliamentary sovereignty, while the theory of separation of powers may be studied there, a system such as that of the UK is more accurately described as a fusion of powers. [citation needed] Until 2005, the Lord Chancellor fused the Legislature, Executive and Judiciary, as he was the ex officio Speaker of the House of Lords, a Government Minister who sat in Cabinet and was head of the Lord Chancellors Department which administered the courts, the justice system and appointed judges, and was the head of the Judiciary in England and Wales and sat as a judge on the Judicial Committee of the House of Lords, the highest domestic court in the entire United Kingdom, and the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, the senior tribunal court for parts of the Commonwealth. The Lord Chancellor also had certain other judicial positions, including being a judge in the Court of Appeal and President of the Chancery Division. The Lord Chancellor combines other aspects of the constitution, including having certain ecclesiastical functions of the established state church, making certain church appointments, nominations and sitting as one of the thirty-three Church Commissioners. These functions remain intact and unaffected by the Constitutional Reform Act. In 2005, the Constitutional Reform Act separated the powers with Legislative functions going to an elected Lord Speaker and the Judicial functions going to the Lord Chief Justice. The Lord Chancellors Department was replaced with a Ministry of Justice and the Lord Chancellor currently serves in the position of Secretary of State for Justice. The judiciary has no power to strike down primary legislation, and can only rule on secondary legislation that it is invalid with regard to the primary legislation if necessary. Under the concept of parliamentary sovereignty, Parliament can enact any primary legislation it chooses. However, the concept immediately becomes problematic when the question is asked; If parliament can do anything, can it bind its successors? . It is generally held that parliament can do no such thing. Equally, while statute takes precedence over precedent-derived common law and the judiciary has no power to strike down primary legislation, there are certain cases where the supreme judicature has effected an injunction against the application of an act or reliance on its authority by the civil service . The seminal example of this is the Factortame case, where the House of Lords granted such an injunction preventing the operation of the Merchant Shipping Act 1988 until litigation in the European Court of Justice had been resolved. The House of Lords ruling in Factortame (No. 1), approving the European Court of Justice formulation that a national court which, in a case before it concerning Community law, considers that the sole obstacle which precludes it from granting interim relief is a rule of national law, must disapply that rule, has created an implicit tiering of legislative reviewability; the only way for parliament to prevent the supreme judicature from injunctively striking out a law on the basis of incompatibility with Community law is to pass an act specifically removing that power from the court, or by repealing the European Communities Act 1972. The British legal systems are based on common law traditions, which require: Police or regulators cannot initiate complaints under criminal law but can only investigate (prosecution is mostly reserved for the Crown Prosecution Service), which prevents selective enforcement, e. g. the fishing expedition which is often specifically forbidden. Prosecutors cannot withhold evidence from counsel for the defendant; to do so results in mistrial or dismissal. Accordingly, their relation to police is no advantage. Defendants convicted can appeal, but only fresh and compelling evidence not available at trial can be introduced, restricting the power of the court of appeal to the process of law applied. United States Main article: Separation of powers under the United States Constitution George Washington at Constitutional Convention of 1787, signing of U. S. Constitution In the United States Constitution, Article 1 Section I gives Congress only those legislative powers herein granted and proceeds to list those permissible actions in Article I Section 8, while Section 9 lists actions that are prohibited for Congress. The vesting clause in Article II places no limits on the Executive branch, simply stating that, The Executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. [19] The Supreme Court holds The judicial Power according to Article III, and it established the implication of Judicial review in Marbury v. Madison under the Marshall court. [20] The federal government refers to the branches as branches of government, while some systems use government to describe the executive. The Executive branch has attempted to claim power arguing for separation of powers to include being the Commander in Chief of a standing army since the American Civil War, executive orders, emergency powers and security classifications since World War II, national security, signing statements, and the scope of the unitary executive. Other systems Taiwan Main article: Government of the Republic of China According to Sun Yat-sens idea of separation of the five powers, the government of the Republic of China has five branches: Executive Yuan led by the premier but in actuality it is the president who sets policy executive Legislative Yuan unicameral legislature Judicial Yuan its Constitutional Court (highest) and Supreme Court have different jurisdictions judiciary Control Yuan audit branch Examination Yuan civil service personnel management and human resources The president and vice president as well as the defunct National Assembly are constitutionally not part of the above five branches. Before being abolished in 2005, the National Assembly was a constitutional convention and electoral college for the president and vice president. Its constitutional amending powers were passed to the legislative yuan and its electoral powers were passed to the electorate. The relationship between the executive and legislative branches are poorly defined. An example of the problems this causes is the near complete political paralysis that results when the president, who has neither the power to veto nor the ability to dissolve the legislature and call new elections, cannot negotiate with the legislature when his party is in the minority. [21] The examination and control yuans are marginal branches; their leaders as well as the leaders of the executive and judicial yuans are appointed by the president and confirmed by the legislative yuan. The legislature is the only branch that chooses its own leadership. The vice president has practically no responsibilities. Belgium Belgium is currently a federated state that has imposed the trias politica on different governmental levels. The constitution of 1831, considered one of the most liberal of its time for limiting the powers of its monarch and imposing a rigorous system of separation of powers, is based on three principles (represented in the Schematic overview of Belgian institutions): Trias Politica (horizontal separation of powers): The legislative power is attributed to an elected parliamentary body elected with a representative general election system (one person one vote). The executive power is attributed to the Council of Ministers. Ministers are appointed by the King, usually from the elected members of parliament (non-elected people can also be nominated). However, they must first resign from their elected seat. The judicial power is in the hands of the courts. Magistrates are nominated by the minister (on proposal from a Council of the Magistrates). Magistrates can be nominated to become a judge (sitting magistrates) or instructing judge (investigating judge) of Procureur (public prosecutor) (the standing magistrates). The executive branch of the government is responsible to provide the physical means to execute its role (infrastructure, staff, financial means). Judges and some other people cannot run for elected office while they are nominated to certain positions (military, police-officers, clergy, notaries, bailiffs). Subsidiarity (vertical separation of powers): Supranational directives (EU legislation) and international treaties are subjected to approval of the federal level (the federal level being Belgium the nation state) The federal level is composed of the following: A bicameral parliament (House of Representative and Senate) (in 2014 this will be a directly elected house and an indirectly appointed Senate of the regions) A federal government (lead by the Prime Minister and the ministers and secretaries of state) Tasked with overseeing justice, defense, foreign affairs, and social security, public health High Court, constitutional Court, Cassation Court The regional level is composed of the following: A monocameral parliament A regional government led by the minister-president (ministers and secretaries of state) is tasked with regional matters. Provinces also have similar structures: A monocameral provincial council A nominated provincial governor assisted by deputees is tasked with provincial matters. Appellate Court, Assisses Court An intermediate level of Arrondissements subdivides the provinces it has only an executive level with an arrondissemental commissars City and communal entities: A city or communal council A mayor, assisted by aldermen, is tasked with local matters. Magistrates Court, Correctional Court (three judges). Justice of the peace and Police Court judges (single judge courts) Secularism (separation of state and religion): The king, the head of state, holds no political authority and requires executive approval by a minister for every action and statement; he nominates the ministers but he does not choose them (his executive powers); he signs and decrees the laws voted in parliament (his legislative powers); The head of state is commander in chief of the military (in title only), politically the military depends of the Minister of Defense and the chiefs of staff are responsible towards parliament and take their orders from the Minister of Defense and the government; Certain functions are deemed incompatible and people must resign from their function if they want to assume responsibilities in another function (military commanders have never been government ministers, even during a war) Costa Rica In the aftermath of the 44-day civil war in 1948 (after former President and incumbent candidate Rafael Algel Calderon Guardia tried to take power through fraud, by not recognising the results of the presidenti al election that he had lost), the question of which transformational model the Costa Rican State would follow was the main issue that confronted the victors. A Constituent Assembly was elected by popular vote to draw up a new constitution, enacted in 1949, and remains in force. This document was an edit of the constitution of 1871, as the constituent assembly rejected more radical corporatist ideas proposed by the ruling Junta Fundadora de la Segunda Republica (which, although having come to power by military force, abolished the armed forces). Nonetheless, the new constitution increased centralization of power at the expense of municipalities and eliminated provincial government altogether, at the time it increased the powers of congress and the judiciary. It established the three supreme powers as the legislature, executive, and judicial branches, but also created two other autonomous state organs that have equivalent power, but not equivalent rank. The first is the Supreme Elections Tribunal (electoral branch) which controls elections and makes unique, unappealable decisions on their outcomes. The second is the office of the Comptroller General (audit branch), an autonomous and independent organ nominally subordinate to the unicameral legislative assembly. All budgets of ministries and municipalities must pass through this agency, including the execution of budget items such as contracting for routine operations. The Comptroller also provides financial vigilance over government offices and office holders, and routinely brings actions to remove mayors for malfeasance, firmly establishing this organization as the fifth branch of the Republic European Union The European Union is a supranational polity, and is neither a country nor a federation; but as the EU wields political power and is fully aware of its democratic deficit, it attempts to comply with the principle of separation of powers. There are seven institutions of the European Union. In intergovernmental matters, most power is concentrated in the Council of the European Union – giving it the characteristics of a normal international organization. Here, all power at the EU level is in one branch. In the latter there are four main actors. The European Commission acts as an independent executive which is appointed by the Council in conjunction with the European Parliament; but the Commission also has a legislative role as the sole initiator of EU legislation. [22][23] [24] An early maxim was: The Commission proposes and the Council disposes; and although the EUs lawmaking procedure is now much more complicated, this simple maxim still holds some truth. As well as both executive and legislative functions, the Commission arguably exercises a third, quasi-judicial, function under Articles 101 102 TFEU (competition law ); although the ECJ remains the final arbiter. The European Parliament is one half of the legislative branch and is directly elected. The Council itself acts both as the second half of the legislative branch and also holds some executive functions (some of which are exercised by the related European Council in practice). The European Court of Justice acts as the independent judicial branch, interpreting EU law and treaties. The remaining institution, the European Court of Auditors, is an independent audit authority (due to the sensitive nature of fraud in the EU). Council of the European Union – legislative and executive European Commission – executive, legislative and quasi-judicial European Council – executive European Court of Auditors – audit European Court of Justice – judicial European Parliament – legislative Germany The three branches in German government are further divided into six main bodies enshrined in the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany: Federal President (Bundesprasident) executive Federal Cabinet (Bundesregierung) executive Federal Diet (Bundestag) Federal Council (Bundesrat) legislative Federal Assembly (Bundesversammlung) presidential electoral college (consisting of the members of the Bundestag and electors from the constituent states) Federal Constitutional Court (Bundesverfassungsgericht) judiciary Besides the constitutional court the judicial branch at the federal level is made up of five supreme courts — one for civil and criminal cases (Bundesgerichtshof), and one each for administrative, tax, labour, and social security issues. There are also state (Lander / Bundeslander) based courts beneath them, and a rarely used senate of the supreme courts. Hungary The four independent branches of power in Hungary (the parliament, the government, the court system, and the office of the public accuser) are divided into six bodies: Parliament (Magyar Orszaggyules): elected every 4 years by the people in a highly complex, two-round voting system Government (Magyar Kormany): installed and removed by 50%+1 basic majority vote of the parliament, 4-year terms Supreme Court (Legfelsobb Birosag): Chief justice elected by qualified (2/3) majority of the parliament, no government oversight Constitutional court (Alkotmanybirosag): members elected by qualified majority of the parliament for 8 years, this body nullifies laws and has no government oversight. Chief public accuser (Legfobb ugyesz): elected by qualified majority of the parliament, 6-year terms, office budget fixed, no government oversight. The President of the Republic (Koztarsasagi Elnok) is elected by qualified majority of the Hungarian parliament for 5-year terms (cannot be

Mr. Chetan Aggarwal free essay sample

List the hematocrits for the healthy make (sample 1) and female (sample 2) living in Boston (at sea level) and indicate whether they are normal or whether they indicate anemia or polycythemia. We will write a custom essay sample on Mr. Chetan Aggarwal or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Healthy Male (Sample 1) = 48 and Healthy Female = 44. Both are normal as the average hematocrit for males is 42-52%, and the average for females is 37-47% 2. Describe the difference between the hematocrits for the male and female living in Boston. Why does this difference between the sexes exist? Men have a higher hematocrit due to 1. being larger in size than women and having more muscle mass, and 2. ) It has been shown that testosterone affects the secretion of erythropoietin (EPO) by the kidneys. EPO is responsible for the formation of red blood cells. Higher testosterone in males means more red blood cell formation and hence a higher hematocrit. 3. List the hematocrits for the healthy male and female living in Denver (approximately one mile above sea level) and indicate whether they are normal or whether they indicate anemia or polycythemia. Male=55, Female=53 ; Both are elevated indicating polycythemia 4. How did the hematocrit levels of the Denver residents differ from those of Boston residents? Why? How well did the results compare with your prediction? Denver residents live at a higher elevation than do Bostonians and will therefore experience compensation mechanisms due to the increase levels of hypoxia. 5. Describe how the kidneys respond to a chronic decrease in oxygen and what effect this has on hematocrit levels. When the kidneys detect the body in a hypoxic state (chronic decrease in O2) they will release erythropoietin (EPO) to stimulate RBC production. This will lead to an overall increase in hematocrit levels. 6. List the hematocrit for the male with aplastic (sample 5) and indicate whether it is normal or abnormal. Explain your response. Male hematocrit=19 and is abnormally low. Aplastic anemia is where the bone marrow is not producing enough RBCs. 7. List the hematocrit for the female with iron-deficiency anemia (sample 6) and indicate whether it is normal or abnormal. Explain your response. Female hematocrit= 32 and is abnormal due to a decrease in oxygen carrying capacity of the hemoglobin. 4. What effect does iron-deficiency anemia (sample 4) have on the sedimentation rate? THE SEDIMENTATION RATE IS ELEVATED IN IRON-DEFICIENCY ANEMIA. PROBABLY BECAUSE IT LACKS THE IRON/PROTEINS THAT A REGULAR RBC WOULD CARRY, AND SINCE THE AMOUNT IS LESS IT MAKES THEM LIGHTER AND SETTLE SLOWER. 2. Which blood sample contained the rarest bloody type? Sample 3 contains the rarest blood type, AB negative. If you have this blood type the blood banks have you on speed dial. Quote 4. Which blood sample contained the universal recipient? Sample 5 contains the universal recipient, AB positive. It is the universal recipient because all of the antigens are present on the surface of the RBCs. 8. Samples 5 which is AB+ and sample 2 which is B+. Post Merge: Oct   2, 2012 6. Anti-B would be found in sample 1. Quote Activity two # 3) How did the sedimentation rate for the individual with angina pectoris (sample 6) compare with the sedimentation rate for the healthy individual (sample 1) Why? How well did the results compare with your prediction? The sedimentation rate was the same. The sedimentation rate was not elevated because the individual hasn’t had a myocardial infarction. References Puri, Ajay, et al. Recurrent gossypiboma in the thigh. Skeletal radiology 36.1 (2007): 95-100. Agarwal, V. I. V. E. K., H. E. M. E. N. D. R. A. Arya, and S. H. I. V. A. R. A. M. Bhaktavatsala. Design and development of a real-time DSP and FPGA-based integrated GPS-INS system for compact and low power applications. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems 45.2 (2009). Panday, N. Monitoring the impact of Joint Forest Management on rural livelihoods. A report of the study conducted during the summer internship at Winrock International-India. New Delhi. Aravali Institute of Management Jodhpur 342.006 (2005). Kekre, H. B., and Chetan Agarwal. Codebook optimization using genetic algorithm and simulated annealing. Thinkquest~ 2010. Springer India, 2011. 114-118. Kumar, Sunil, Ranjana Aggarwal, and Chetan Sharma. Synthesis of Some 2-(3-Alkyl/aryl-5-trifluoromethylpyrazol-1-yl)-4-(coumarin-3-yl) thiazoles as Novel Antibacterial Agents. Synthetic Communications 45.17 (2015): 2022-2029. Rosander, Mikaela Nilsson. Thematic issue on Payments for Environmental Services. Insight from the Field. The Centers for People and Forests, The World Agroforestry Center, Winrock International (2007). Sapra, Mr Prakash, et al. Review: Recent Advances in Periodontal Formulations. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis 1.1 (2014): 65-74. Verma, Chetan Kumar, et al. Construction of tag ontological graphs by locally minimizing weighted average hops. Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on World Wide Web. ACM, 2014. Agarwal, Sanjay. Daan and other giving traditions in India: The forgotten pot of gold. AccountAid India, 2010.